Politics, Philosophy & Economics BA/BSc

Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE) is one of the UK’s most prestigious interdisciplinary degrees. First established at the University of Oxford, it brings together three complementary subjects to provide a deep understanding of how societies are governed, how economies function, and how philosophical ideas shape political and ethical decision-making. A PPE degree is ideal for students who are curious, analytical and ambitious, with an interest in global affairs, critical thought and problem-solving.

BA or BSC?

A PPE (Politics, Philosophy, and Economics) degree can be a BA or a BSc, and the main difference is the level of specialisation in economics. A BSc PPE is generally more focused on economics and quantitative methods, while a BA PPE offers a more balanced split across the three disciplines. The choice depends on your career goals and how much you want to specialize in economics and mathematics during your undergraduate studies.

Course Structure

Most PPE degrees last three years full time, or four years with a placement or study abroad. Students usually study all three disciplines in the first year, before choosing to specialise in two or continue across all three in later years.

Teaching includes lectures, seminars, tutorials, debates, group projects and independent research. Assessment is often through essays, policy briefs, presentations, exams and a final-year dissertation.

Typical Modules

Year 1 – Foundations of PPE

Introduction to Political Theory and Comparative Politics

Philosophy: Logic, Ethics and Knowledge

Economics: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Statistics and Quantitative Methods

Key Thinkers in Philosophy and Politics

Year 2 – Core Development

Political Systems and Global Governance

Philosophy of Mind and Moral Philosophy

Economic Policy and Development Economics

Research Methods in Social Sciences

Optional module: International Relations, Public Policy or Applied Ethics

Year 3 – Advanced Study and Specialisation

Philosophy of Law, Science or Religion

Advanced Economic Analysis (Game Theory, Behavioural Economics)

Political Philosophy: Justice, Liberty and Democracy

Dissertation or Independent Research Project

Optional modules such as Political Economy, Ethics of AI, or Global Inequality

The flexibility of PPE allows students to shape their studies depending on whether they prefer philosophy and politics, economics and politics, or a balanced mix.

Useful A-Level or BTEC Subjects

Entry requirements are typically high, often ABB–AAA, with some top universities requiring A*AA. Useful subjects include:

• A levels: Mathematics (often required), Economics, Politics, Philosophy, History or Sociology.

  
  

• BTECs: Rarely accepted for traditional PPE courses, though some universities may consider them alongside strong A levels.

  
  

• International Baccalaureate: Higher Level Maths, Economics, Politics or Philosophy are highly recommended.

  
  

• Strong numeracy, essay writing and critical thinking skills are essential.

What Makes a Strong Application

Universities look for students who are independent thinkers and engaged with global debates. A strong application should include:

• Excellent academic performance, especially in maths and essay-based subjects.

  
  

• A personal statement showing curiosity about political, economic and philosophical issues.

  
  

• Evidence of wider engagement, such as Model UN, debating, political volunteering or economics clubs.

  
  

• Wider reading that demonstrates independent interest in all three subjects.

Transferable Skills You Will Develop

A PPE degree develops highly valued and versatile skills, including:

• Critical analysis – evaluating arguments in philosophy, politics and economics.

  
  

• Quantitative skills – interpreting data and using statistics for decision-making.

  
  

• Communication – writing persuasively and debating effectively.

  
  

• Problem-solving – applying theory to complex global challenges.

  
  

• Research and organisation – managing independent projects and synthesising information.

  
  

• Cultural and ethical awareness – considering social justice and political implications.

Wider Reading: Recommended Books for Aspiring PPE Students

Here are four engaging books to inspire and prepare you:

“The Republic” by Plato – A foundational work of political philosophy.

“The Wealth of Nations” by Adam Smith – A classic in economics, exploring markets and trade.

“Anarchy, State, and Utopia” by Robert Nozick – A key text in political philosophy on freedom and justice.

“Why Nations Fail” by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson – Explores the political and economic roots of global inequality.

Typical Pay After Graduation

PPE graduates are highly sought after. Starting salaries typically range from £26,000–£32,000, with careers in government, policy, consultancy, journalism, finance and NGOs. With experience, roles in management consultancy, civil service fast stream, economics or law can earn £40,000–£60,000. Senior positions in politics, academia, international organisations or corporate leadership may reach £80,000–£100,000+.